How December 2. 5 Became Christmas. Read Andrew Mc. Gowan’s article “How December 2. Became Christmas” as it originally appeared in Bible Review, December 2. The article was first republished in Bible History Daily in 2.
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Ed. A blanket of snow covers the little town of Bethlehem, in Pieter Bruegel’s oil painting from 1. Although Jesus’ birth is celebrated every year on December 2. Luke and the other gospel writers offer no hint about the specific time of year he was born. Scala/Art Resource, NYOn December 2. Christians around the world will gather to celebrate Jesus’ birth. Joyful carols, special liturgies, brightly wrapped gifts, festive foods—these all characterize the feast today, at least in the northern hemisphere.
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But just how did the Christmas festival originate? How did December 2. Jesus’ birthday? The Bible offers few clues: Celebrations of Jesus’ Nativity are not mentioned in the Gospels or Acts; the date is not given, not even the time of year. The biblical reference to shepherds tending their flocks at night when they hear the news of Jesus’ birth (Luke 2: 8) might suggest the spring lambing season; in the cold month of December, on the other hand, sheep might well have been corralled.
Yet most scholars would urge caution about extracting such a precise but incidental detail from a narrative whose focus is theological rather than calendrical. The extrabiblical evidence from the first and second century is equally spare: There is no mention of birth celebrations in the writings of early Christian writers such as Irenaeus (c. Tertullian (c. Origen of Alexandria (c. Roman celebrations of birth anniversaries, dismissing them as “pagan” practices—a strong indication that Jesus’ birth was not marked with similar festivities at that place and time.
As far as we can tell, Christmas was not celebrated at all at this point. This stands in sharp contrast to the very early traditions surrounding Jesus’ last days.
Each of the Four Gospels provides detailed information about the time of Jesus’ death. According to John, Jesus is crucified just as the Passover lambs are being sacrificed. This would have occurred on the 1. Hebrew month of Nisan, just before the Jewish holiday began at sundown (considered the beginning of the 1.
Hebrew calendar, days begin at sundown). In Matthew, Mark and Luke, however, the Last Supper is held after sundown, on the beginning of the 1. Jesus is crucified the next morning—still, the 1. Interested in learning about the birth of Jesus? Learn more about the history of Christmas and the date of Jesus’ birth in the free e. Book. The First Christmas: The Story of Jesus’ Birth in History and Tradition.
Its observance could even be implied in the New Testament (1 Corinthians 5: 7–8: “Our paschal lamb, Christ, has been sacrificed. Therefore let us celebrate the festival. But over time, Jesus’ origins would become of increasing concern. We can begin to see this shift already in the New Testament. The earliest writings—Paul and Mark—make no mention of Jesus’ birth. The Gospels of Matthew and Luke provide well- known but quite different accounts of the event—although neither specifies a date. In the second century C.
E., further details of Jesus’ birth and childhood are related in apocryphal writings such as the Infancy Gospel of Thomas and the Proto- Gospel of James. These texts provide everything from the names of Jesus’ grandparents to the details of his education—but not the date of his birth. Finally, in about 2. C. E., a Christian teacher in Egypt makes reference to the date Jesus was born. According to Clement of Alexandria, several different days had been proposed by various Christian groups. Surprising as it may seem, Clement doesn’t mention December 2. Clement writes: “There are those who have determined not only the year of our Lord’s birth, but also the day; and they say that it took place in the 2.
Augustus, and in the 2. Further, others say that He was born on the 2. Pharmuthi . By the fourth century, however, we find references to two dates that were widely recognized—and now also celebrated—as Jesus’ birthday: December 2.
Roman Empire and January 6 in the East (especially in Egypt and Asia Minor). The modern Armenian church continues to celebrate Christmas on January 6; for most Christians, however, December 2. January 6 eventually came to be known as the Feast of the Epiphany, commemorating the arrival of the magi in Bethlehem. The period between became the holiday season later known as the 1.
Christmas. The earliest mention of December 2. Jesus’ birthday comes from a mid- fourth- century Roman almanac that lists the death dates of various Christian bishops and martyrs. The first date listed, December 2.
Christus in Betleem Judeae: “Christ was born in Bethlehem of Judea.”3 In about 4. C. E., Augustine of Hippo mentions a local dissident Christian group, the Donatists, who apparently kept Christmas festivals on December 2. Epiphany on January 6, regarding it as an innovation. Since the Donatist group only emerged during the persecution under Diocletian in 3. C. E. But how had they settled on the dates December 2.
January 6? There are two theories today: one extremely popular, the other less often heard outside scholarly circles (though far more ancient). The most loudly touted theory about the origins of the Christmas date(s) is that it was borrowed from pagan celebrations. The Romans had their mid- winter Saturnalia festival in late December; barbarian peoples of northern and western Europe kept holidays at similar times. To top it off, in 2. C. E., the Roman emperor Aurelian established a feast of the birth of Sol Invictus (the Unconquered Sun), on December 2. Christmas, the argument goes, is really a spin- off from these pagan solar festivals. According to this theory, early Christians deliberately chose these dates to encourage the spread of Christmas and Christianity throughout the Roman world: If Christmas looked like a pagan holiday, more pagans would be open to both the holiday and the God whose birth it celebrated.
In the five- part documentary An Archaeological Search for Jesus, Hershel Shanks travels from Galilee to Jerusalem in search of the first century world in which Jesus lived. Visit Nazareth, Sepphoris, Capernaum, Bethsaida, Qumran and other landmarks as Shanks interviews eminent archaeologists and New Testament scholars about the sites associated with Jesus and other gospel figures. It is not found in any ancient Christian writings, for one thing. Christian authors of the time do note a connection between the solstice and Jesus’ birth: The church father Ambrose (c. Christ as the true sun, who outshone the fallen gods of the old order.
But early Christian writers never hint at any recent calendrical engineering; they clearly don’t think the date was chosen by the church. Rather they see the coincidence as a providential sign, as natural proof that God had selected Jesus over the false pagan gods. It’s not until the 1. Jesus’ birth celebration was deliberately set at the time of pagan feasts. A marginal note on a manuscript of the writings of the Syriac biblical commentator Dionysius bar- Salibi states that in ancient times the Christmas holiday was actually shifted from January 6 to December 2. Sol Invictus holiday. In the 1. 8th and 1.
Bible scholars spurred on by the new study of comparative religions latched on to this idea. They claimed that because the early Christians didn’t know when Jesus was born, they simply assimilated the pagan solstice festival for their own purposes, claiming it as the time of the Messiah’s birth and celebrating it accordingly. More recent studies have shown that many of the holiday’s modern trappings do reflect pagan customs borrowed much later, as Christianity expanded into northern and western Europe.
The Christmas tree, for example, has been linked with late medieval druidic practices. This has only encouraged modern audiences to assume that the date, too, must be pagan.
There are problems with this popular theory, however, as many scholars recognize. Most significantly, the first mention of a date for Christmas (c.
Christians were not borrowing heavily from pagan traditions of such an obvious character. Granted, Christian belief and practice were not formed in isolation. Many early elements of Christian worship—including eucharistic meals, meals honoring martyrs and much early Christian funerary art—would have been quite comprehensible to pagan observers. Yet, in the first few centuries C. E., the persecuted Christian minority was greatly concerned with distancing itself from the larger, public pagan religious observances, such as sacrifices, games and holidays. This was still true as late as the violent persecutions of the Christians conducted by the Roman emperor Diocletian between 3. C. E. This would change only after Constantine converted to Christianity.
From the mid- fourth century on, we do find Christians deliberately adapting and Christianizing pagan festivals. A famous proponent of this practice was Pope Gregory the Great, who, in a letter written in 6. C. E. At this late point, Christmas may well have acquired some pagan trappings. But we don’t have evidence of Christians adopting pagan festivals in the third century, at which point dates for Christmas were established. Thus, it seems unlikely that the date was simply selected to correspond with pagan solar festivals.
The December 2. 5 feast seems to have existed before 3. Constantine and his conversion, at least. As we have seen, the Donatist Christians in North Africa seem to have known it from before that time.
Furthermore, in the mid- to late fourth century, church leaders in the eastern Empire concerned themselves not with introducing a celebration of Jesus’ birthday, but with the addition of the December date to their traditional celebration on January 6. Read Andrew Mc. Gowan’s article “The Hungry Jesus,” in which he challenges the tradition that Jesus was a welcoming host at meals, in Bible History Daily.
FREE Sample Food Chart. Looking for a 7 month old feeding schedule? What foods can I give my seven month old baby?
Can I start cow. But still you will have n- number of doubts regarding the feeding schedule and food you give your kiddo. What all foods can be given to a seven month old baby? By this time your kiddo must be familiar with at least 5- 6 different food items. Check the food chart for a six month old baby. As your little one turns 7 months, you will be thinking on what to feed a 7 month old.
Here is the answer. As per most of the experts seventh month is a good time to introduce dairy in your baby. Let your baby cut her first birthday cake before she gets a sip of cow.
A very little amount of ghee or butter can be added in baby foods to enrich the taste and flavor. Plain yogurt can also be given.
You can read the step by step guide to make ghee from store bought butter. Also please note that if your family has a history of milk intolerance or dairy allergy, then it will be good to wait for 2- 3 months more to include dairy products in your munchkin.
Make sure to select list from dropdown on Content Upgrade editing page. Make sure to select list from dropdown on Content Upgrade editing page.
No masoor dal and toor dal. Fruits –. No citrus fruits. Vegetables –. It is power packed with nutrients and is a little heavy food. Kerala banana is an excellent weight gaining food. It might also cause constipation as the fibre content would be too much for the baby to start with – hence it can be started at a later stage (after 8 months when steamed and boiled foods are introduced). But if your baby can digest kerala banana without any digestive problems, you can continue giving it.
Dal ka pani. Only yellow split gram is given to 7 month old babies as masoor dal and toor dal are a bit heavy to digest at this stage. Khichdis are the most popular baby food when North Indians are concerned.
Khichdi is a wholesome baby food for your 7 month old. One advantage of khichdi is that you can add any veggies to it and make it in different flavors.
One suggestion I would like to give every parent is to give more importance to those foods that are locally available. If one particular baby food is more preferred in your region, give more importance to that food.
Like wheat is more important for people of North and rice for south Indians. As you all know, the food habits of each region evolved through centuries in accordance with the climate, terrain and seasonal foods available in each region. So it is clear that a particular food that is produced/common in one region is healthier for the people there as it suits the climate there and the lifestyle of the people there. Please keep in mind this same point when you introduce/feed food for your baby. Go for locally available food items. It is always good that your baby gets a taste of all the food around the world. What I am suggesting here is that, for example if your baby doesn.
These are not part of Indian diet and its okay if its not available for your kids. Instead give more importance to your traditional food. Go for seasonal fruits and vegetables that suits the area where you life. How much should a seven month old eat? By this time some babies will be ready to take three meals a day. If yours doesn. Remember each baby needs his/her own time to get adjusted to anything new in life.
As far as the quantity of food is concerned, I am of the opinion that don. And also if the food is new, the baby may only take 1 to 2 teaspoons. Let your baby give you the cues about the quantity of food at each feed. Know the signs that your baby shows which signals that he/she is full. Turing away from the spoon after a couple of spoons, playing with food etc. You should be only concerned if your baby is neglecting both breast milk or formula and solid foods. What is the type/consistency of food for a seven month old baby?
By this time your baby must have said goodbye to gummy grins and welcomed a few new pearly whites or must be in teething stage. Having teeth or not, the baby gums are strong enough to grind small chunks of food. Most of the babies will be happy to accept little chunks of food by this time while others will stick on to pureed or watery consistency food. Try different textures and slowly thicken the consistency of the food you offer so that transition from pureed food to regular food is easy for both the baby and you. Chocking is a hazard, so always take proper precaution when feeding your kids.
Don. Give enough time to chew properly. Let them play with food to know more about the texture and taste. Teething and food refusal.
You must have experienced yourself or heard many mommies say this – their little one used to gulp down any food when solids were introduced around 6 months, but now she starts crying at the sight of food and feeding time is literally wartime. This refusal of solid foods by the baby along with many symptoms like excessive drooling, rashes on cheek or face, biting everything, irregular sleep etc. But most of the babies get their first set of teeth around their 7th month. How to make a teething baby eat at 7 months?
There is no clear cut answer for this question. Each baby is different and so they will show different interest while teething too.
Some only accepts breast milk/formula or liquid consistency food when they have sore gums. Some babies will show more interest in chewing as the pressure on the gums can reduce pain to some extend. So how can we parents help? Patience is the key. First of all rule out any other reasons for the extreme decrease in food intake in your kid. If you are sure that the reduced food intake is due to teething, try smooth puree consistency food first that they can eat without putting much pressure on their gums.
If your baby refuses that and if he is full time chewing on to his toys or fingers, may be chewable food can help. When giving chewable small chunks of food. Monitor your baby closely so that no choking accidents happen. Another option is cold food. Cold food can help relive the pain.
Offer chilled applesauce or chilled fruit slush. Plain yogurt is another food suitable while teething. You can offer chilled fruit pieces or even chilled vegetables like cucumber and carrot. You can offer these fruits/veggies in a silicone fruit feeder to be safe from choking.
Silicone fruit feeders are more soothing for teething babies plus they are easy to clean than the mesh fruit feeders. Another option is teething biscuits and rusks. You can go for unsweetened varieties to restrict the sugar intake. You can use a steel spoon kept in fridge to feed the baby. Biting on cold spoon can help relieve the pain.
What other ways you can help your teething baby? To know you can read all about teething in babies. Teething symptoms will vanish once the pearly whites emerge out of the gums and your baby will be back to her normal eating routine. But keep in mind that if baby is completely avoiding both solid food, breast milk and continuing hunger strike for more than 5- 6 days, it is always good to consult your pediatrician to make sure that it is not anything serious.
Keep these in mind while feeding your seven month old Bonus. Make sure to select list from dropdown on Content Upgrade editing page. The timings given are also for reference and should be adjusted according to your baby. You can make your own baby foods by combining different vegetables, pulses, grains or fruits your have already introduced to your baby. Hope this guide helped you on how to feed your seven month old. Refer baby food chart for the eighth month old to know what all you can give in the next stage of weaning.
How was/is your baby’s 7 month old feeding schedule? What was the 7 month old meal plan that you tailored for your baby? Was he or she happy to have new food? What was the consistency of baby food at this stage? Please do write your queries and feedback in the comments. We are always happy to hear from you.
Eat a Healthy Diet and Exercise Like a Hunter- Gatherer. By Dr. Mercola. Could it be that the number of calories you burn in a day is more dependent on your biological roots than the number of minutes you spend being physically active? Intriguing new research has indeed shown that it's possible human metabolic rates are more evolutionary in origin than a reflection of our modern lifestyles – confirming that what you choose to eat could be the most important factor in your risk of becoming overweight or obese. Hunter- Gatherers Burn the Same Number of Calories as the Average American The Hadza tribe of Tanzania still leads an ancient lifestyle that includes daily hunting and foraging for berries, roots and fruit.
It's all done on foot, using bows, digging sticks and axes – no guns. Clearly, this is a high level of physical activity that would, according to current beliefs, burn a far greater number of calories than, say, sitting at a computer for eight hours. What the new research found, however, was that even though physical activity levels were greater among the Hadza people, the average daily energy expenditure was no different than that of Westerners! In other words, even though tribe members spent many hours trekking long distances to hunt and forage for food, they still expended no more calories each day than adults in modern Europe and the United States. Upending the long- held science of metabolism, the findings indicate that daily energy expenditure may be an . Herman Pontzer of the department of anthropology at Hunter College, New York told the BBC News: 1.
Being active is really important to your health but it won't keep you thin - we need to eat less to do that. What this means is that if your diet is based on sugar/fructose and processed junk food, it's highly likely that your weight is going to become an issue. About one- third of U. S. Dietary culprit #1 is easily fructose, sugars and grains. According to the 2. Report by the Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans,2 the top 1.
American diet are: 1. If it's true that we burn about the same number of calories a day as Tanzanian hunter- gatherers who are physically active at a level only the most dedicated of athletes in America likely attain – then the reason why so many Americans are overweight while the hunger- gatherers are lean comes down to food choices. I believe the two primary keys for successful weight management are severely restricting carbohydrates (sugars, fructose, and grains) in your diet, and increasing healthy fat consumption. This will optimize insulin and leptin levels, which is key for maintaining a healthy weight and optimal health. For more details, I suggest you review my Optimized Nutrition Plan, which is a comprehensive and step- by- step guide to help you make health- promoting food and lifestyle choices. This includes: Limit your fructose to less than 2.
Limit or eliminate all processed foods Eliminate all gluten, and highly allergenic foods from your diet Increase the amount of fresh vegetables in your diet, and consider juicing Eat at least one- third of your food uncooked (raw), or as much as you can manage Avoid artificial sweeteners of all kinds Should Your Diet Mimic the Hunter- Gatherers'? During the Paleolithic period many thousands of years ago, people ate primarily vegetables, fruit, nuts, roots and meat—and a wide variety of it. Today, these staples have been largely replaced with refined sugar, high fructose corn syrup, cereal, bread, potatoes and pasteurized milk products. While we may consider ourselves to be at the pinnacle of human development, our modern food manufacturing processes have not created a race of super- humans in possession of great health and longevity.
Humans today suffer more chronic and debilitating diseases, including obesity, than ever before. And there can be little doubt that our food choices play a major role in this development. By eating foods that are concordant with your genetic ancestry, you can avoid many of the diseases associated with our modern diet, including obesity, diabetes, heart disease and cancer. You can actually mold your diet around the principles of Paleo eating rather easily by following my nutrition plan. Episodes of intermittent fasting may also be important, as our ancestors clearly did not have access to food on a 2. I believe it to be one of the most profound interventions for the 2.
Quite simply, we've strayed too far from the foods we are designed to eat, so going back to basics and refocusing your diet on fresh, whole, unprocessed, . In addition to the points noted above, a . Interestingly, just as a hunter- gatherer diet may be beneficial, there's a lot to be said about moving like a hunter- gatherer too.
Instead of being sedentary for much of the day and then running for an hour on a treadmill, our ancient ancestors combined lots of walking with regular lifting and short bursts of high- intensity activities, and health experts agree that this may be a healthier way to live because this is what your body is . My Peak Fitness program incorporates this essential factor, which is, I believe, why so many people have achieved such great results with it. A summary of what researchers believe might be an ideal exercise prescription would include the following aspects of normal hunger- gatherer living: A variety of exercises performed regularly (weight training, cardio, stretching, etc.) Alternate difficult days with easier days Exercise outdoors, which helps maintain vitamin D levels and improve mood Peak Fitness sessions performed no more than three times a week. Weight training 2- 3x a week Walk and run on softer, uneven terrain, such as grass and dirt, possibly barefoot or using.
Warrior Diet - One Month Transformation (Before/After Photos)Booyah! I have officially completed my goal of one full month on the Warrior Diet–and the results were beyond what I expected. My results have included weight loss of over 8 pounds, as well as pretty significant strength gains: Click to Enlarge.
Click to Enlarge. Benchmarks and Results: While I am pleased with the aesthetic outcome, the benefits have gone far beyond the tangible. Let me take a minute to reflect on the various effects I have noticed this past month: Energy- Levels.
I believe this happens for a couple of reasons: partially due to the increase in ghrelin, and partially due to the fact that you aren’t spiking your insulin all day long with starchy or high- glycemic foods, which can screw with your blood sugar and energy levels, and lead to frequent energy crashes. Lastly, whenever you are fasting, the things that you DO put into your body are absorbed and utilized more efficiently. In this case, caffeine from coffee, tea, etc will have an amplified effect. I have never felt that I NEED coffee, I just like the taste, along with the routine aspect of it. On this diet, I recommend drinking your coffee and tea without sugar, and staying away from energy drinks all together, in order to avoid the aforementioned sugar crashes.
Liberation and productivity! My current routine has been: wake up, eat 3 brazil nuts, drink a cup of coffee, throw a one ounce package of almonds in my pocket in case I get hungry later, head out and stop at Mc. Donald’s for an unsweetened iced tea, and get to work for the day.
My appreciation for food has really increased, and I find myself experimenting with new flavors and enjoying the process of cooking. I also don’t have to hold back. While I tend to eat pretty clean (few grains and few sweets), I get pretty ravenous and go to town on whatever I choose to eat that night–and I don’t limit myself nor feel badly about it. Just last night I ate nearly two pounds of pulled pork from Whole Foods. Not to mention a massive protein shake with peanut butter and a a little bit of dark chocolate, a bowl of raspberries, veggies with cheese sauce, and a huge bowl of gourmet popcorn. Weight has come off almost effortlessly (while increasing strength).
And in those cases, strength and muscle mass suffered. In my current Warrior Diet plan, I am only doing cardio twice a week, for about 2. Weight has come off on nearly a daily basis, and my strength has increased fairly significantly over the past month. Overall sense of well being and happiness. As kids, we would get excited about the simplest shit and could hardly contain it. But as we get older, these moments are few and far between.
If you have a friend that IS excitable and enthusiastic, I bet you notice it, and also would bet that you enjoy being around that person. Sure enough, I found a potential linkage between ghrelin (the hormone that increases during times of fasting) and Dopamine! Not only that, but studies have shown that a lack of Dopamine can lead to Parkinson’s Disease. Therefore, pretend your maintenance calories are 3. If you choose to eat four 7. HOWEVER, the reason that the Warrior Diet is superior, is that when you wake up in the morning, your body is in fat burning mode. In most eating plans, you sabotage this as soon as you eat breakfast–especially since many of us eat starchy, high- GI breakfasts that include bread, cereal, oatmeal, etc.
The Warrior Diet EXTENDS the fat burning window throughout the course of the entire day, until your feast begins in the evening. It is extremely easy to follow. But once you get over the hump, you won’t be battling hunger pangs all day, because your body knows it will be getting its nutrients and calories in the evening, and starts expecting it. And without constant changes in blood sugar, you will have less cravings. Throughout the month, I have had very little to no cravings for any sweets.
Of all “diets” I have ever tried, this has by far been the easiest to stick to without faltering. It doesn’t really. It is really just a change in your eating structure.
Trust me when I say it will be difficult to over eat your daily calories in such a small window of time. Therefore it doesn’t really take any EFFORT to restrict calories, it more or less happens naturally. Cons. The main downfall of this diet for me is that it is sometimes difficult to consume enough calories, especially going grain- free like I have been for the most part.
I have had to rely on some calorie dense foods to fill in the gaps, such as peanut butter, coconut milk, olive oil, etc. I don’t feel badly for eating these things at all–but my point is that it sometimes takes a concerted effort to make sure I am getting at least 2. The reason I target that number is because I want to continue gaining strength and muscle. For someone with the sole goal of losing body fat, this may not be a concern or obstacle at all. Going Forward. Even though my one- month experiment is complete, I have no plans to discontinue my Warrior Diet.
It has totally changed the way I look at food and nutrition, the daily “template” better fits my lifestyle and natural hunger cycles, and I love the effects it has had on my body–both tangible and intangible. I can see this being a permanent lifestyle change for me moving forward. The only reason I could see myself deviating from this plan, is if I decide to strive for more muscle gain. I am down to about my college- sophomore body weight (although now stronger), and I don’t really desire to lose any more weight. I will now try to tweak the Warrior Diet (possibly by reinstating grains and increasing carbs) for more of a muscle gain plan and see what kind of results I see. I will keep you updated on my progress. If you have any questions, advice, etc about the Warrior Diet, please post them in the comments section below!